MAKDEM
MAKDEM- THE HEAGEAR WORN BY GALLEON OWNERS & MARINERS
The Makdem headgear was worn by a large number of sailors who have been involving in maritime business such as galleon owners who owned big ship to carry the goods from different parts of the world to Ottoman empire, sailors worked in as captains of the boats, mariners called Azaps as the special mariners , boatmen involved as carrying the passengers on both sides of Bosphorus & golden horn and caulkers & ship builders. Each group used to have the same headgear but in different colors & twisting forms. Makdem headgear was made of cotton & white turban. Between the head and top part a thin cheesecloth was wrapped. It seemed to a Kudum-a small drum used in rituals & mystic music ceremonies therefore it was called as “ makdem “. It was noted as the headgear of all maritime business in Ottoman period.
KALYONCU-GALLEON SAILORS & SOLDIERS
Ottoman have been classified into two main categories as rowing boats and sailing ships until 19th century. The rowing boats were called as “ çektiri “ and the sailing ships were called as “ galleon.” The galleon was the largest three-masted ship which was used both goods transport and fighting. The first Ottoman galleon was built in the reign of Bayezid I by famous sailor Kemal reis which was known as “ Goke “ in 2500 tons in weight as similar to Spanish type galleon. The most advanced galleons were used during the Cretan campaign and they contained two or three large warehouses in the length of 33-45 m , two rows of 80 or 110 cannon balls with 800 marine soldiers. The most well-known Ottoman galleon was Mahmudiye with 1207 mariners & 125 cannon balls made in 1815. When a galleon newly buil, the sea downloading ceremony was performed inviting grand vizier, naval force commander,minister of Islamic affairs and the gifts were delivered to the marine soldiers & crew of the galleon as it was written in Ottoman archieve documents.
KAYIKÇILAR-BOATMEN
The transportation was provided by the boatmen & oarsmen for centuries in Bosphorus & golden horn in Istanbul chosen from Janissary troops. These people also were used in war times as the source of Ottoman navy. There were so many piers in golden horn on both sides and the famous two piers were Ayvansaray and Sutluce. Each rowing boat used to have 8 oarsmen and fourteen passangers while sailing on the gılden horn & Bosphorus. Thosands of boatmen & sailors have been involved in this business for centuries in different origins from all over the empire.
LEVENDLER-OTTOMAN MARINERS
The Ottoman mariners were called as “ Levendler “ and it means that “tall & brave soldiers”. The mariners were employed first in the coastline and provincial areas of the state before the Ottoman fleet was established. Some of the brave Turkish mariners also were the pirates both in Aegean and Mediterranean seas. After Istanbul was conquered, the Ottoman imperial fleet was established by building big galleons in golden horn shipyards in the reign of Selim I and Suleyman I appointed Barbarossa as the naval commander of Ottoman navy in the beginning of 16th century so Barbarossa was the first % the biggest admiral of Ottoman maritime industry as well as the founder of imperial fleet. The Turkish mariners who were brought up in the coastline areas began being recruited as mariners either in small rowing boats or in big galleons. Rowing boats used to have 80-100 and the galleons had 300-400 mariners each. The mariners were paid by the government and the naval forces commander was the chief who was responsible for everything. When the Ottoman navy was in golden horn in peace, the mariners had to be accommodated in their barracks built in golden horn or in marine inns. There were also small Ottoman fleets in Belgrade, Danube, Inebolu, Chios, Crete, Rhodes, Dubrovnik, Cyrus , Muscat and Crimea from Black Sea to Indian Ocean as to protect the borders & states. The estiameted number of mariners in 16th century AD was 20.000 altogether.
The Makdem headgear was worn by a large number of sailors who have been involving in maritime business such as galleon owners who owned big ship to carry the goods from different parts of the world to Ottoman empire, sailors worked in as captains of the boats, mariners called Azaps as the special mariners , boatmen involved as carrying the passengers on both sides of Bosphorus & golden horn and caulkers & ship builders. Each group used to have the same headgear but in different colors & twisting forms. Makdem headgear was made of cotton & white turban. Between the head and top part a thin cheesecloth was wrapped. It seemed to a Kudum-a small drum used in rituals & mystic music ceremonies therefore it was called as “ makdem “. It was noted as the headgear of all maritime business in Ottoman period.
KALYONCU-GALLEON SAILORS & SOLDIERS
Ottoman have been classified into two main categories as rowing boats and sailing ships until 19th century. The rowing boats were called as “ çektiri “ and the sailing ships were called as “ galleon.” The galleon was the largest three-masted ship which was used both goods transport and fighting. The first Ottoman galleon was built in the reign of Bayezid I by famous sailor Kemal reis which was known as “ Goke “ in 2500 tons in weight as similar to Spanish type galleon. The most advanced galleons were used during the Cretan campaign and they contained two or three large warehouses in the length of 33-45 m , two rows of 80 or 110 cannon balls with 800 marine soldiers. The most well-known Ottoman galleon was Mahmudiye with 1207 mariners & 125 cannon balls made in 1815. When a galleon newly buil, the sea downloading ceremony was performed inviting grand vizier, naval force commander,minister of Islamic affairs and the gifts were delivered to the marine soldiers & crew of the galleon as it was written in Ottoman archieve documents.
KAYIKÇILAR-BOATMEN
The transportation was provided by the boatmen & oarsmen for centuries in Bosphorus & golden horn in Istanbul chosen from Janissary troops. These people also were used in war times as the source of Ottoman navy. There were so many piers in golden horn on both sides and the famous two piers were Ayvansaray and Sutluce. Each rowing boat used to have 8 oarsmen and fourteen passangers while sailing on the gılden horn & Bosphorus. Thosands of boatmen & sailors have been involved in this business for centuries in different origins from all over the empire.
LEVENDLER-OTTOMAN MARINERS
The Ottoman mariners were called as “ Levendler “ and it means that “tall & brave soldiers”. The mariners were employed first in the coastline and provincial areas of the state before the Ottoman fleet was established. Some of the brave Turkish mariners also were the pirates both in Aegean and Mediterranean seas. After Istanbul was conquered, the Ottoman imperial fleet was established by building big galleons in golden horn shipyards in the reign of Selim I and Suleyman I appointed Barbarossa as the naval commander of Ottoman navy in the beginning of 16th century so Barbarossa was the first % the biggest admiral of Ottoman maritime industry as well as the founder of imperial fleet. The Turkish mariners who were brought up in the coastline areas began being recruited as mariners either in small rowing boats or in big galleons. Rowing boats used to have 80-100 and the galleons had 300-400 mariners each. The mariners were paid by the government and the naval forces commander was the chief who was responsible for everything. When the Ottoman navy was in golden horn in peace, the mariners had to be accommodated in their barracks built in golden horn or in marine inns. There were also small Ottoman fleets in Belgrade, Danube, Inebolu, Chios, Crete, Rhodes, Dubrovnik, Cyrus , Muscat and Crimea from Black Sea to Indian Ocean as to protect the borders & states. The estiameted number of mariners in 16th century AD was 20.000 altogether.
